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Master Regulators of Menopause: GnRH, FSH & LH
GnRH, FSH, and LH are key hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and reproductive function. During perimenopause and menopause, their levels shift dramatically, triggering changes in ovulation, estrogen production, and overall hormonal balance. Understanding these hormones helps explain many symptoms of menopause, from irregular cycles to hot flashes and mood changes.
What They Do
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Produced by the hypothalamus
- Signals the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
- Pulses of GnRH regulate the timing of the menstrual cycle
- GnRH levels remain relatively stable, but its signaling becomes less effective as ovarian function declines
Follicle -stimulating hormone
- Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles (which contain eggs)
- Promotes estrogen production in early cycle
- Rises sharply during perimenopause as the body tries to compensate for declining ovarian response
- High FSH is a hallmark of menopause and is often used to confirm diagnosis
Luteinizing hormone
- Triggers ovulation mid-cycle (Day 14)
- Supports formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
- LH surges become irregular in perimenopause
- Postmenopause: LH levels remain elevated but no longer trigger ovulation
Why It Happens: Hormonal Feedback Loop Breakdown
In a healthy cycle:
- GnRH → stimulates FSH & LH → triggers ovulation → leads to estrogen & progesterone production
- Estrogen & progesterone then signal the brain to reduce GnRH, FSH, and LH — completing the feedback loop
During menopause:
- Fewer ovarian follicles → less estrogen and progesterone
- Brain increases GnRH pulses → pituitary releases more FSH & LH
- But ovaries no longer respond → cycle becomes irregular or stops
When to See a Doctor
Hormone testing may be helpful if you experience:
- Irregular or skipped periods
- Hot flashes or night sweats
- Mood swings or sleep disturbances
- Fertility concerns or early menopause symptoms
Blood tests for FSH and LH can help confirm menopausal status, especially if you're under 45 and experiencing symptoms.
Tips & Support Options
Medical:
- Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): may help balance estrogen and progesterone
- GnRH modulators: used in specific conditions like endometriosis or fibroids
- Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any treatment
Lifestyle:
- Regular exercise and stress management help regulate hormonal rhythms
- Sleep hygiene supports melatonin and cortisol balance, which interact with GnRH signaling
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol as both can worsen hormonal imbalance
Nutrition:
- Omega-3s: support brain and hormone health
- Magnesium: helps with mood and sleep
- Phytoestrogens (soy, flaxseed): may gently support estrogen receptors
- B vitamins: support energy and hormone metabolism
This website provides general information to help you better understand menopause and related topics, as explored in the Menopause Spotlight books. It is not medical advice and should not replace guidance from a qualified healthcare professional. Always consult your doctor or other healthcare provider with any questions about your health, treatments, or symptoms.
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